The idea and attitudes of the poets Essay Example for Free

The idea and attitudes of the poets EssayAll three rimes are about outsiders and issues that they come about important. Issues that most of us would take for granted if we were not actually in that particular group. The stolon poem half-caste by John Agard addresses the issue of being half-caste. The poet ridicules the hire of the term half-caste. The poet does this in a very light-hearted and fun way. He asks if Picasso is second rate full because he mixed colours in his paintings and he asks if the side weather is classed as half-caste weather because its always overcast in England. Should Tchaikovskys work or music be classed as second rate just because he used both the black and white notes on his piano. The back breaker he is nerve-wracking to make to the accepter is is someone who is called a half-caste only half a person? The point of the poem is to try and lease the reader to be a bit more than open-minded. He deliberately uses very well know people geniuses ev en, as examples to make his point. The poet uses colloquial English and imperatives and starts the poem by using the phrase excuse me. He does this to try and attract attention and to get people to listen.He also uses the phrase explain yuself and wha you mean numerous times throughout the poem (repetition). Again, the idea is to get the reader/listener to sound off in a more open-minded way, and why we might be using the term half-caste. The poet has very effectively used dialect to make his point that the term half-caste is normally used when there is a afro-Caribbean mixed-race person involved. The poem is written in 5 stanzas of varying lengths. The poet uses short lines throughout the poem and this gives more impact to his point.He uses stanzas because it possibly gives the reader a chance to reflect on what has been said. The poet cleverly lets sentences run on into the next stanza so that when the poem is read it can possibly be read angrily in one stanza but then with the gaps and the sentence running into the next stanza almost pleadingly as he tries to make people understand. However, there are times in the poem especially when referring to the term half-caste which could be read out angrily just to make that point stand out more forcefully.The second poem search for my natural language by Sujata Bhatt, tries to deal with the difficulty immigrants might have verbalise two languages. This poem uses both English and Gujarati to make this point. The poet wonders whether she will forget her mother tongue but by the end of the poem is quite authorized that she wont. The poem is written in three sections. In the first section the poet expresses her worries about losing her mother tongue. In the second section she explains these ideas in Gujarati whilst in the leash section she dreams that although she may feel that she is losing her mother tongue, it was in fact growing stronger within her.By using the phrase I have lost my tongue the poet is cleverl y telling us how confused she is and does not know what to say. While dreaming, the poet uses metaphors to describe her tongue. She compares it with a plant when she says it grows back, a stump of a shoot grows longer. I feel that the poem should be read sadly when reading about the idea of losing the mother tongue but angrily at the thought of speech production a foreign tongue and happily towards the end of the poem when she dreams about the mother tongue getting stronger in her mind. The third poem Blessing by Imtiaz Dharker is set in a third world country.We assume this because midway through the poem he describes people rushing out from huts to collect water. The poet is trying to emphasise the importance of water to life. The poet compares water with silver and liquid sun using metaphorical language. Both silver and liquid sun reflects valuable items and thereby stipulating the importance of water to life. The poet sees water as a blessing and uses this as a central metapho r. The poem has been written in four stanzas. As it comes crosswise as a more serious poem it gives the reader a moment to reflect on what has just been read.The poet uses short lines to get his point crossways and give it more impact. He uses short stanzas when describing the lack of water and longer stanzas when there is a plentiful supply of water. The poet uses a simile in his first line of the poem when he begins with the skin cracks like a pod. This gives an image of serious drought conditions. The poet uses words such as rush or quite a little and silver crashes deliberately. These words are to do with wealth and fortune. This emphasises the importance of water to the villages. The poet also uses religious imagery.She describes people coming out from their huts to collect water as a congregation. The poem refers to men, women and children in stanza three, but only to the children in stanza four. This is because most people are sympathetic towards children and can give mo re emotion to the poem. The poem also stresses the different way the adults and the children behave at the sight of water. Whilst the adults are busy collecting water, the children play around the water gleefully. The children are obviously insensible of how serious the situation was without water.The poem can probably be read in a pitiful tone, sympathising with the poor and cheerfully when the pipe bursts and there is water about. All three poems deal with issues important to the minority of this country. Each poet is able to convey their thoughts and feelings very effectively and each one is able to do so using their own methods of writing. Each poem uses various imagery and language to get the point across. Each poem has been effective in getting across their points across and making readers think of how a problem that they perceive as being simple, is actually very important to the people concerned.

ICICI Prudential â€Multiple Channel Distribution Essay Example for Free

ICICI Prudential Multiple Channel Distribution EssayIn terms of the future of the Indian policy industry, what do you think are the measures that can be taken/ have been taken by ICICI Pru to further strengthen its distribution system to meet the competition? leave out the drawbacks of the existing channels and the need to explore new avenues. Distribution Scenario in the Indian insurance Market The major ch every(prenominal)enges to insurers and intermediaries in highly warring Indian insurance market are1. To build faith about the confederacys insurance services in its customers estimation2.To develop relationship(in terms of credibility) between intermediaries and clients 3. To develop extensive network for providing scoop up service and stay close to the customers Capturing larger segment Rural India Except ICICI Prudential, all the insurance companies have traditionally tied agents that have been the primary channels for insurance distribution in the Indian market. In case of the public arena insurance companies such as LIC, SBI etc. they have used their branches in almost all parts of the country and have attracted local people to pay off their agents.While ICICI Pru has used multiple channels such as bancassurance, direct marketing and corporate agents for their insurance distribution and have covered 69 cities and towns in India. By the virtue of these multiple distribution channels, ICICI Pru became leader in Indian insurance sector in short span of time with maximum region form bancassurance channel. However, these channels were targeted mostly at urban customers while the 70-80% of the Indian population stays in Rural area.ICICI Pru has tried to cater rural customers by joining hands with BASIX, World vision, Dhan, Shepherd, Uttaranchal Co-operative Marketing Federation, nLog Communiaction, ITCe eachaupal etc. But, to cover the maximum possible rural market and develop strong rural insurance market at optimum cost for ICICI Pru, according to me India Post is the best intermediary option. India Post is one of the oldest infrastructure developed in India and it would be the best channel to reach Indian rural customers at very low cost.The postman are the best friend and information source to the village people. wherefore they are the best fellows to create awareness about the companys services and to distribute different insurance products. Thus they are the best gross revenue man to build credibility about the company in rural India. Also the postmen have basic education in terms of services, hence the company can train them for their services at a very low cost. Thus the overall cost for reaching rural customer would be subvert compare to all other possible options.

Marketing Strategies For Enterprise Branding Of Tesco China Marketing Essay

merchandiseing Strategies For Enterprise fall guying Of Tesco China Marketing EssayThis essay in the main presents trade strategies for enterprise branding in Chinese markets of the British company Tesco (Tesco Co. LTD). The merchandise strategies are divided into different aspects which contain the External Analysis, Budgeting, Products, Services, Market Segmentation, the Brand and the Welfare country. As can be seen from the essay, the services seem to be cognise as the most important factor of the selling strategies.Tesco (Tesco co. LTD), which was founded in 1919, is kn accept as one of the most successful supermarkets around the world, in terms of networks, reaching 59.4bn in sales at the end of 2009 check to the financial statements 2009 (Appendix 1). Whilst galore(postnominal) areas of the world may have been partially penetrated by supermarkets, the Chinese mainland market is treated as a totally new opportunity for the fast-paced tuition of Tesco. Since 2004, the year when Tesco opened the first supermarket in China, this world famous company opened 89 mass merchandisers, 12 convenience stores and 4 Lifespace shop essence mainly covering 30 cities through come forth China. accord to Terry Leahy, the Chief Executive of Tesco, At a time when customers everywhere are feeling the economical strain, we are responding to their changing needs in all our markets by lowering prices, introducing more affordable products and offering even sharper promotions. He also points out that these actions, combined with their core strengths in selling food and everyday essentials, owning their own property and having a broad backing base, are helping them to cope tumefy with the effects of the downturn. All of this gives credit to their marketing strategies.The increasingly perfected marketing strategies seem to be defined as one of the main factors which have helped Tesco memoir remarkable achievements, not only in sales but also in agate line evolution during that period of time. This essay will explain the marketing strategies for enterprise branding of Tesco in China.OverviewWith the fast-paced permeation of high technology, the retail trade, which is closely bound up with peoples daily purport, is becoming a focus of societys attention. However, in the retail trade industry, supermarkets are seen as the most fundamental form of marketing, not only provides consumers with the choice of food, but also non-food choices, such as galvanic appliances and clothing. According to Mohan (2009), with the development of economic globalization, infinite commercial opportunities are provided for those international retail trade companies which are planning to land their ideally attractive markets. As the UKs largest and worlds terzetto largest grocery retailers, Tesco has adequately played a role of leader in this billet through the same industrial level, in terms of the mightiness of using IT to excavate the referable data and the mark eting strategies to strengthen the loyalty index of consumers and the brand handle.On December 8, 2010, Tesco in China reported its results for the third quarter of fiscal year 2010/2011. According to the report for China, there was a strong growth in global business group sales change magnitude by 8.8%, international business grew by 15.7% of total sales. UK business continued to perform well, total sales increased by 5.0%. Asian markets had a rapid growth, in terms of a sales growth of 23.4%. It is particularly worth mentioning is Tesco in China opened the fourth LifeSpace shopping plaza in Anshan with the business occupancy rate of 96%.(Data available on http//www.cn.tesco.com/en/news/tesco_news1_143.htm)The Necessity of developing the International MarketThe sustained and rapid development of the deliverance successfully promoted the international business expansion among a large number of retail trade companies the choice of international markets can somehow extend the prod ucts life cycle and ease the pushs in the local market competition. The main factors why Tesco chose the expansion of international operations are shown belowBritains retail market is shortly in the mature stage, therefore, selecting a new breakthrough is necessaryEuropes retailers are faced with increasingly intense external challenges and competition at present hence, it is a wise measure to develop the potential market outside EuropeTesco now has established branches in 14 countries, as is shown in Appendix 2. As the UKs largest retailer, Tesco has the ability to manage and balance its worldwide operationsIn order to surmount the large number of international competitors, it is necessary for Tesco to increase its market share.Tescos marketing system in ChinaExternal AnalysisStrategy development or review logically starts with external analysis, an analysis of factors external to a business that can affect strategy. Tesco uses a particularly useful concept in conducting an exter nal analysis, which is called strategic questions this kind of question often suggests subquestions, each of these sub-questions can, in turn, stimulate still an some other level of sub-subquestions. This really helps Tesco know what their consumers are willing to buy. Just as Aaker (1995) said The goal of external analysis is to influence strategy by identifying opportunities, threats, trends, and strategic questions. Its ultimate goal is to improve strategic choices-decisions as to where and how to compete. Furthermore, external analysis also helps Tesco focus on a single section or attempt to serve multiple segments, perhaps obtaining across-segment synergies.BudgetingTesco uses the budget as the most efficient tool for management planning and controlling in China. According to McLaney (2008), Budgets do not exist in a Vacuum they are an important part of a planning framework that is adopted by well-run businesses. Therefore, a well-prepared budgeting is necessary for a company to develop in an international market.ProductsLachman (1986) pointed out that marketers can expand their range of products in order to enhance consumers satisfaction. Driven by the global economic integration, many Chinese consumers began to slowly accept western sandwich culture, as well as the imported food which is produced by the majority of Western suppliers. As an international business, Tesco is able to leverage the advantages of a distribution for the Chinese market with a large number of imported products.While taking into calculate the price, the quality of the products has been paid more attention by consumers currently. Kayl, the CFO of Tesco, said that the only way to assure the establishment of a permanent link amidst us and consumers is strictly monitoring the quality of the products. Tesco can satisfy retailers, suppliers and customers, leading to a win-win situation.ServicesFirstly, although there are many 24-hour convenience stores, the size is not large enough. However, Tesco has achieved a breakthrough in this regard, that is to say building larger stores around the world.Secondly, with the fast-paced development of the Internet, a large number of consumers will favour to shop online Tesco has not only improved their services, and its online service is also constantly being renovated, so that consumers can enjoy the fun of online shopping. According to Tescos official website, the online shopping sales in 2009 added 30.9%, profits create an increase of 49.2% compared with 2008. Tesco.com possesses 100 million customers in 2009. (Data available on Tesco official website)Thirdly, when the holidays come, it is common that there will come to the fore problems in supply of goods suppliers and collection systems in many supermarkets. Faced with this problem, Tesco also has its own response. Tesco and suppliers are using the suppliers management systems that can have quick replenishments, in order to reduce the rate of the stores OOS (out of stock). In addition, Tesco has also installed self-service cash registers, consumers can check out by scanning their product, which greatly eases the pressure of collection, redemptive consumers time.Fourthly, Tesco has for a long time implemented a system of membership cards. This system is not a simple loyalty program of filling prescriptive points for exchanging prizes it is defined as a combination between information technology, database creation, and analyses of consumers, then accordingly to guide and access to more accurate customer segments, more targeted marketing strategies and customer relationship management system. The magnetic strip card and electronic scanning technology is really helpful to analysis each members buying preferences and role patterns, Tesco can not only design the personalized quarterly newsletters for different sub-groups, but also greatly enhance the customer satisfaction and loyalty.Fifthly, as the maxim goes The consumers satisfaction is basica lly from the employees satisfaction. Therefore, Tesco is not only concerned about the interests of consumers, but also pays more attention to the interests of their employees. For example, in order to reduce the work pressure of their employees, Tesco provide every cashier with a seat when they are doing their work.To sum up, Tesco has been working to improving their products and services, in terms of always trying to make up for its own shortcomings and to enhance consumers satisfaction, for instance, some Tesco stores are planning to set up larger parking lots to satisfy Chinas increasing growth of car ownership.3.5 Market SegmentationBased on the consumers preferences, the customers are divided into six sub-groups by Tesco there are eight sub-groups which are distributed by life stage and according to purchasing habits and behavior patterns consumers are divided into as many as 5,000 groups. The benefits which Tesco is gained from the detailed market segmentation includemore targ eted pricing strategiesmore selective procurement plansmore personalized promotionsmore attentive customer servicesmore measurable marketing effectsmore convincing market investigateThe benefits stated above provide a promotion of consumers satisfaction and loyalty to Tesco.BrandAnother commendable marketing strategy is co-branding program, or in other words several strong brands federatively launch a customer loyalty program. Such as for womens Me Time, family women can accumulate points in exchange for their daily purchases in beauty, hair products, or discount coupons for some companies. In these activities, Tesco and those co-operated brands achieved the effect of win-win. At the same time, Tesco has also introduced a large number of own brand products, and compared with those brands, Tescos own brand saved a lot of costs of publicity, and packaging is relatively simple, hence, Tesco has a comparative advantage (cost of sales is lower than others) in price.3.7 The Welfare State Tesco has a relatively impeccable welfare state, includes retirement security, unemployment insurance system and workers compensation. According to Maks (1990), all three types of welfare security measures effectively improved the situation that welfare state policies create failures that in the real world are more serious than those that they are imagined to cure, since the employees rights and interests are correctly ensured.ConclusionAs a result, with the increasingly perfected marketing strategies in China, in terms of the external analysis, budgeting, products, service, market segmentation, the brand and the welfare state, Tesco has delivered solid sales and profits in China, whilst proceed to invest in long-term strategy for growth. Tesco has made a good start to the new financial year, 2011, and Tesco will continue to make good come on even in this unknown and unstable global economic environment.Appendix(Available on http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/media/pr/pr2009/2009-04-21/)A ppendix 1 TESCO GROWTH IN TOUGH generation (Financial Statement)21 April 200953 weeks ended 28 February 20092008/9Growth vs 2007/853-week basisGroup sales (inc. VAT)59.4bn15.1%Group revenue (ex. VAT)54.3bn15.1%Group trading profit3,090m12.4%Underlying profit before tax3,128m10.0%Group profit before tax2,954m5.5%Underlying diluted earnings per share28.92p11.0%Diluted earnings per share27.31p2.6%Dividend per share11.96p(Available on http//www.cn.tesco.com/en/news/tesco_news1_143.htm)The part of distributions of Tesco around the worldCountryEntrance YearNumber of shopsUK1897Czechoslovakia199635Hungary199487Poland1995105 misfire20038China200489Japan2003111Malaysia200113South Korea199962

Aerodynamic Development Of Land Speed Record Car Engineering Essay

Aerodynamic victimisation Of overthrow Speed Record motorcar Engineering EssayThis project is foc workoutd on the baseline streamlined analyses and optimisation of a Land Speed Record fomite in scathe of actionance of tail and aerodynamic stability, and thereby, speed the fomite derriere attain. The fomite Stay Gold shown at a lower place belongs to the David Tremayne, a Formula One journalist. It is his plan to chemise the underway British Land Speed Record by achieving a speed of about 350 m/s. A photograph of the fomite in its current form stinker be seen below.CUsersCecilDesktopDSC07489.JPG jut out 1, (20)- Photograph of the Land Speed Record fomite in its current form.In aerodynamic analyses, the preventive costs of conventional wind testing along with the advent of computing power, characterised by its decreasing cost has brought the applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the fore depend of research and industrial applications, (2). The complication s of actual wind tunnel testing ranging from differences in bounce conditions to the scale and mounting of the object is c everywhereed well in exist literature, (1). CFD is a method for analysing complex fluid scat problems using numerical methods to solve the Navier-Stokes goerning equations.This report begins with the study of superior speed vehicle aeromechanics to understand the important physical phenomena taking place, i.e. Air flows linked with opposite parts of the vehicle. CFD has been established as a proven tool used to perform baseline simulations with different turbulence models, demarcation conditions and control grids. Consequently, the influence of compressibility by running cases with progressively rapid operating speeds up to Mach 0.5 and the effects of varying the geometry of draw close and ashes of the vehicle using low-drag f line of creditings are studied.Literature Review eminent Speed Vehicle AerodynamicsAerodynamics is the study of discordant forces when a dead body is in motion. As we know, any vehicle moving finished a fluid experiences forces induced by the fluid on it. When a vehicle moves forrader it displaces the static air in front of it and hence disrupts the air flow rough the body. These induced fluid forces atomic number 50 be characterised into triad main forces which can be represented on a Cartesian coordinate system as shown in the go in below, (19). see to it 2, (19)- Forces acting on a vehicle represented on Cartesian coordinate systemThe vertical force along the Z axis is called lift. In this context, the vertical force is usually push button the car towards the ground. Lift force then would be negative. Instead, the term downforce will be used, which is the positive vertical force towards the ground.The horizontal force moving in the opposite direction as the vehicle along the X axis is called drag force. Drag force is created by the vehicles resistance to motion moving through the air. . Drag w ill always be negative with this axis system, although in the results it will be displayed as positive, (19).The horizontal lateral force along the Y axis is called locating force which occurs due to strong cross winds or by vehicles being in proximity to each other. The magnitude of these forces depends on various factors like the geometry speed of the vehicle, mass of the fluid, viscosity compressibility. These three forces are the basic aerodynamic forces that act on a moving solid body. We concentrate on the reducing the drag force alone to achieve higher speeds.Aerodynamic FlowsThere are various kinds of aerodynamic flows considered important in a vehicle ranging from flows associated with the external strain of the vehicle to the flows existing in the lubrication and cooling systems of the vehicle which are called external and internal flows respectively, (3).CUsersCecilDesktopUntitled.jpg kind 3, (4) Attached flows and separated flows over a body.The streamlines are the curves associated with a pictorial description of a fluid motion, in this case air particles move along the streamlines, (4). Using this definition we can differentiate the flows. When the streamlines near the solid bob up follow the shape of the body, the flow is considered to be attached and if the flow does not follow the shape of the body, the flow is considered to be separated, (4). As seen from the figure above, separated flows leave behind trailing vortices which result in an unsteady agitate flow which can be seen in the figure below.CUsersCecilDesktop1-s2_0-S0167610501001611-gr11.gif participate 4, (5) Trailing vortices in the wake of a conventional fastback carIt is also important for Race Car engineers to know whether the flow is stratified or turbulent since features such as flow interval and vehicle drag can change dramatically within these two flows, (4). When a body travels in an undisturbed environment, the flow can be considered laminar. Conditions such as wind s or the motion of other vehicles directly affects the flow causing turbulence. Turbulence is a chaotic and random state of motion develops in which the velocity and pressure sensation change continuously with cartridge holder, 22.Characteristic of Aerodynamic flowsExternal Automotive flows can be characterised as those involving excessive flow separation, transitional flows, strong cross flows and streamline curvature with a turbulent wake interacting with the ground term layers, (5). The prevailing rural areas where the separation of air flow takes place are the front and rear windshields. This separation of air flow leads to change in pressure over the surface of the vehicle which constitutes the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle. Pockets of high and low velocities are created around the vehicle because of this separation. The variation of pressure over a vehicle is shown in the figure below and is measured by a coefficient of pressure, denoted by Cp. According to Bernoullis eq uation, the low pressure region denotes high velocity and high pressure region denotes low velocity. Cp is addicted by the ratio of the difference in pressure on any point of the vehicle to the dynamic pressure.CUsersCecilDesktop109741_3mg.jpgFigure 5, (4) Variation of pressure over a vehicle leap LayerThe layer between the vehicle and the moving air where the fluid flow is stagnant or less is called the bourne layer and is a significant aspect at high speeds. When the body is in motion, a sexual congress velocity is created between the vehicle and the air around it due to the fluid viscosity. Boundary layers may be either laminar or turbulent depending on the value of the Reynolds number. For lower Reynolds numbers, the boundary layer is laminar and the velocity changes uniformly as one moves away from the wall and for higher Reynolds numbers, the boundary layer is turbulent and the velocity is characterized by unsteady (changing with time) swirling flows inside the boundary la yer, (7). In real environment it is inevitable that the boundary layer detaches from the solid body which results in a large increase in the drag on the body. So at high speeds, it is important to maintain an attached and laminar boundary layer with a streamlined shape (4).CUsersCecilDesktopboundlay.gifFigure 6, (7) Boundary layer on a surface of a vehicleCompressibility effectsCompressibility is the measure of change in people of the air relative to the speed. We are dealing with subsonic speeds (less than Mach 1) where the air acts as if its an incompressible fluid meaning the density will remain immutable though the velocity and pressure are variable, (6). By Bernoullis principle when air enters a body or part of the vehicle, air must travel faster to get to the other side as the bypass air varying the pressure and velocity. The velocity and pressure return to their original form at the outlet.Importance of the speed of sound hold up is the pressure disturbances radiating in a ll directions from the vehicle. In subsonic flight sound waves radiate from all points on the vehicle and can travel faster than the vehicle itself as shown on the figure on the left.CUsersCecilDesktopasw.pngFigure 6, (6) Propagation of sound waves in subsonic and supersonic speedsCUsersCecilDesktopas.pngAs the vehicle travels at higher speeds, these sound waves pile up at the twist of the aerofoil and create shock waves as shown in the figure on the right. These shock waves are created due to change in pressure velocity of air flow and these waves cannot get ahead the originating point at the speed of sound. There are different kinds of shock waves which are discussed below. Oblique Shock waves are formed on sharp edges of the body with the air surface changing in the direction of air flow, basically on leading and trailing edges of the airfoil, (6). Normal shock waves are formed in front of a blunt body or on the body itself. The molecules pile up at the front and form a detach ed wave called the bow wave, (6). Expansion shock waves are formed in the regions of separation on the body or airfoil. Shock waves are very important in high speed aerodynamics as it affects the change in direction of the fluid flow and are relatively negligible in subsonic flows.Relevance of Aerodynamic DragIn aerodynamics, drag is defined as the force that opposes forward motion of the vehicle through the atmosphere and is parallel in the direction of free stream velocity of the air flow which can be overcome by thrust in order to achieve forward motion, (8). Generally in racing it is important to have to downforce to keep the vehicle stable on the ground. When going at speeds over 100 mph, the real drag is experienced.The aerodynamic drag is denoted by Cd and is given by the formula,Cd= Drag force/ (Dynamic pressure*Area)A body moving through a fluid experiences drag which can be divided into two components, frictional or viscous drag and pressure drag, (11). Frictional Drag is developed due to friction of fluid and the surface it is flowing on, commonly associated with development of boundary layers, (11). Pressure drag is formed from the eddying (turbulent) motions behave up by the fluid as it passes over the body which is associated with the formation of wake behind the vehicle. Hence the geometry of nose and body shape plays an important role in reducing drag on vehicle, (12).The figure below shows the driving force required to propel the vehicle forward at a constant speed as a function of the aerodynamic drag. We can see that the aerodynamic drag increases proportional to the full-strength of speed.CUsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngFigure 7, (11) Driving Speed Vs Vehicle SpeedIt is also established that the drag prediction over the front of the vehicle, especially involving attached boundary layers and, subsonic flow is far easier and more accurate than the analysis of the rear of the vehicle, (11).Review of existing research, (13)Extensive research has been made in this area with exact experimentation on the widely known Ahmed model, (12). The Ahmed model is a simple geometric body that retains the main flow features, especially the vortex wake flow where most of the drag is concentrated. This model is used as a reference model to compare our results with. An illustration of this model is shown in the figure below.CUsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngFigure 8 Left Geometric dimensions of an Ahmed model, Right Computational worldThe Ahmed reference model is a general car type bluff body shape which is enough for accurate for flow simulations. boundary conditions used for this problem are uniform flow at the inhalation no slip on the surface of the body and a non-structural tetrahedral grid approach is applied to this geometry at Re= 4.25106, (13) . This flow was solved using incompressible Navier-Stokes formulations and the drag and pressure were measured. From the figure below, it is discover that the total pressure drag is min imal at the front portion and is high the rear slanted portion of the body. Subsonic interactions are fairly abstemious as the length of the body is long. CUsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngCUsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngFigure 9A,(13) Contour fill field pressure Figure 9B, (13) Contour fill field velocityAnd as for the pressure measurements, the presence of vortices at side edges of the slant surface appears to be two dimensional with parallel isobars running over the surfaceCUsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngCUsersCecilDesktop2.pngFigure 10A Flow behind the rear side of the body, Figure 10B Streamlines in the wakeTurbulent flows are completely three dimensional and unsteady. Using a time average flow, some sort of macrostructure appears to govern the pressure drag on rear end. Figure 10A shows the different wakes created due to different shapes and edges and Figure 10B shows the streamlines in wake structure.Land Speed Record (LSR) RacingEver since the inception of automobiles, there ha s always been an inherent drive to push the automobile to its limits in terms of doing and speed. Land Speed Record is highest speed achieved by an automobile on land. There are different classes and organisations with respect to the configurations of the vehicle, operating speeds and environment. The current vehicle belongs to the inexhaustible class, which is a special class for thrust powered vehicles which may be propelled using turbo jet engines and without any limitations over wheeled power, (14).Existing researchThe close-set(prenominal) vehicle comparable to Stay Gold LSR is the JCB dieselmax (shown below) which holds the land speed record for a diesel-powered vehicle having been determined to over 350mph breaking the world record at the Bonneville Salt Flats. The aerodynamics of the car was designed entirely using ANSYS Fluent by aerodynamicist Ron Ayers whose goal was to achieve an optimal balance between aerodynamic drag, scratch up force and downforce, (15). It has been observed that the Cd of the vehicle was 0.17. After running a number of simulations, it is shown that higher downforce generated by the wings increases the drag on the vehicle drastically, (16).CUsersCecilPicturesjcb_dieselmax.jpgFigure 11, (17) Picture of a JCB dieselmax streamlinerAnother example is the Buckeye Bullet 3 (BB 3), which operates on a battery. This vehicle was developed using an alternate aerodynamic method. In order to test the body shape and geometry a new wind tunnel model was constructed though it is time consuming and costly. The vehicles frontal area was significantly reduced allowing the driver to be placed at an inclined position keep safety in mind, (18) though the driver in centre of attention (DIM) configuration used in BB1 BB 2 has better performance compared to the former. BB 3 also achieves more stability because it maintains negative pitch over higher speeds ensuring the sane loads on the tyres are not reducing, improving traction and yaw stab ility, (18). BB 3 had a 17 % reduce in the Cd compared to its predecessors.CUsersCecilPicturesBuckeye-Bullet-3-thumb-450255.jpgFigure 12, (18) Photograph of a Buckeye Bullet 3 at the Bonneville Salt FlatsComputational Fluid DynamicsIntroductionComputational fluid dynamics or CFD is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow, heat transfer and associated chemical reactions by means of computer based simulation, 21. CFD is used in wide range of industries. CFd contains a set of codes structured around the Navier-Stokes Equations (NSE) that are used to solve fluid flow problems. NSE are the governing equations of Fluid dynamics which are shown below.CUsersCecilPicturesnseqs.gifFigure 16, 22 Navier-Stokes equations of three dimensional fluid flowsThe NSE consists of time-dependant continuity equation for conservation of mass, time dependant conservation of momentum equations and conservation of energy equations, 22. The integral forms of these equations are solved using Finite Volum e Method (FVM) which is the discretisation method ANSYS Fluent uses. Discretisation is a method of converting higher order integral equations into a system of algebraic equations. These set of algebraic equations are later solved by an iterative method, 23.As mentioned earlier, at higher Reynolds numbers flows are observed to become turbulent. We used turbulence models in CFD to approximately model the turbulence in real time environment and results obtained are deemed near accurate.All codes in CFD contain 3 main elements 1.) A pre-processor, 2.) A solver, 3.) A post processor, 22.Pre-processingThe activities involved in this stage areDefinition of geometry in the computational domainGrid generation discretising the domain into little cells ( grid or engagement)Define fluid properties and specify the appropriate boundary conditionsSolvingThere are different techniques to solve numerical equations. CFD uses finite volume method which is the most established method in different s oftwares. The steps involved in this stage areIntegration of NSE over control volumes of the domainDiscretisation of resulting integral equations into a set of algebraic equationsSolution of the algebraic equations using an iterative methodPost-processingA large amount of work has been put into CFD packages to realise the data with outstanding graphics due to the increasing demand in the engineering field. Some of the most popular data visualisation tools are celestial sphere geometry and grid display2D and 3D surface and vector plotsStreamlined and shaded contour plotAt present, almost all Formula 1 teams use CFD to constantly optimise the aerodynamics of their cars for better performances in a race. The bottleneck of CFD was quick and efficient construction of a functional grid which has become more user friendly in modern times which makes it easy for meshing, 22.ConclusionsAerodynamics CFD play a key role in the optimisation of a Land Speed Record vehicle. The geometry, powerp lant, wheel configurations and vehicle dynamics are important parameters in achieving reduced drag. Open wheel configurations cause more overall drag on the vehicle. Also the tyres effective radius changes with speed and is necessary to test the relationship between the vehicle speed and tyres geometric configuration due to constant downforce exerted on the vehicle by the wings. This was the case revealed in the JCB streamliner.Project PlanStudy Vehicle Aerodynamics Understand the various aerodynamic flows involved in a vehicle. Get a good grip on High Speed Aerodynamics. Read about Importance of the speed of sound in achieving high speeds and influence of compressibility.Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Reading on the background of CFD and understand how Navier-Stokes equations are derived, Numerical discretisation of equations using Taylor series. Understand turbulence modelling, grid sensitivity and boundary conditions relevant to the problem.CFD Tutorials Tutorial 1 Create basic geometry for backward facing step (2D).Tutorial 2 Create basic geometry for lid drive cavity (2D).Tutorial 3 Create 3D model of cylindrical body with a rectangular grid and run simulations.Gantt chartCUsersCecilDownloadsAerodynamic suppuration of LSR (1).pngProgress to dateWith the help of Dr. Carl Gilkesons CFD tutorials, creating meshes of basic geometrical shapes and running simulation on them was possible. The first tutorial involves creating the geometry in Design Modeller for lid driven cavity. The mesh was created in ANSYS Mesh and running simulations with undertake boundary conditions, velocity pressure was done in ANSYS Fluent.In the figure below, the mesh for the lid driven cavity is shown.CUsersCecilDesktopCavity- Vel Contours.pngFigure 13A Mesh for lid driven cavity Figure 13B Velocity contours on the top wall of the cavity CUsersCecilDesktopCavity.pngThe mesh was solved for 1000 iterations and were run on the top wall with a transitional velocity of 1.4607 e-03 (Re=100), ensuring the flow is laminar. The velocity contours are filled and can be seen in figure 13B.The second tutorial involves creating a backward facing step. This model is solved (1000 iterations) for turbulent conditions so a turbulence model (k-epsilon) was created and specified with an inlet velocity of 40m/s. Also this model is discretised to second order upwind for momentum, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate. The results are shown below.CUsersCecilDesktopUntitled.pngFigure 14A- Mesh for Back Facing Step Figure 14B- Velocity contours on the backstepCUsersCecilDesktopMesh Backw step.pngIt is noted that the horizontal component of the velocity is negative behind the step as the flow reattaches after detaching due to high Reynolds number, 20.3D model of a cylinderIAnsys projectscylinder.jpgFigure 15A 15B(below) Mesh for 3D cylinder in a rectangular gridIn the figure above, a cylindrical mesh in a rectangular grid was created in ANYSYS Mesh. A re ctangular grid is created in the domain to solve finite volume system of equations and to get more accurate solutions. The model was solved for constant pressure at the inlet to get reversed flow on all faces using hybrid initialisation as seen below.IAnsys projects12.jpgReferences1 P.R. Spalart, Strategies for turbulence modelling and simulations, Boeing Commercial Planes(Feb 1999).2 W.H.Hucho, Aerodynamics of avenue vehicle 4th edition.3 New Directions in Race car aerodynamics, Joseph Katz.4 Joseph Katz, Race Car Aerodynamics, second edition.5 Ahmed, S. R. , Gawthorpe, R. G. and Mackrodt, P. -A.(1985) Aerodynamics of Road- and Rail Vehicles, Vehicle System Dynamics, 14 4, 319-3926 High Speed Aerodynamics, Seminar, Harry L Whitehead.7 http//galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/311/notes/fluids2/node11.htm8 http//www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/aero/drag.htm9 http//www.princeton.edu/asmits/Bicycle_web/blunt.html10 Miles Jackson , B. Taylor Newill and Perry Carter ,Race car Aerodynamic Optimization for an E-1 Class Streamliner Using Arbitrary Shape Deformation , SAE Technical paper 2007-01-3858.11 Hiroyuki Ozawa, Dai Higashida,Development of Aerodynamics of a Solar Race Car, Honda RD, 1998 SAE.12 Sinia Krajnovic, Lars Davidson, Flow Around a Simplified Car Part 1 Large Eddy Simulation,13 CFD exemplar of Flow around the Ahmed vehicle model, Gerardo Frank and Jorge DElia, Centro Internacional de Metodos Compucionales en Ingeneria.14 http//www.landspeed.com/archive/classroom/classlsrbasics.html.15http//www.newmaterials.com/News_Detail_Aerodynamics_of_jcb_dieselmax_car_designed_entirely_with_cfd_code_fluent_9408.aspaxzz2H86gSGFW16 Aerodynamic Development of Buckeye Bullet Electric LSR, Carrington Bork, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio secernate University.17 http//www.carsbase.com/photo/photo_full.php?id=4546918 www.buckeyebullet.com/BB3.html19 Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics, Thomas D. Gillespie, Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commo nwealth drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.20 CFD tutorials, Dr. Carl Gilkeson, University of Leeds.21 http//www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/nseqs.html22 An Introduction to CFD, H K Versteeg and Malasekara, 2nd edition.

Florence Nightingale Theory Case Study

Florence nightingale scheme Case StudyClinical Application of Florence nightingale system (Paper)Amber HussainOverview of TheoryEverything in this world that has been created by God has some meaning attached to it and has to perform some role in this world. SimilarlyM1 Florence Nightingale developed modern nursing based on her life experiences. She was the pioneer who gave the concept of nursing education and was considered as the first nursing theorist. It was a Crimean struggle where serving as shield and observing dead endurings forced her to develop an environsal surmisal. Her first surmisal was termed as environmental theory and was published in 1860. The theory describes the relationship of people with their environment. According to her, disease is a reparative process, which is not always the cause of sufferings but nurses ought to modify the environment for nature to act uponM2. Selanders (2010) comments that The teaching of environmental alteration has served as a framework for research studies (P.88). Nightingales environmental theory reflects a great consideration in providing holistic approach to the perseverings by inculcating four major metaparadigms which consist of individual, environment, health and Nursing. All four concepts atomic number 18 interlinked with each other. An individual is a tender-hearted macrocosm who is effected by the environment and acted upon by a nurse. Environment is a way which a nurse can manipulate for natural laws to act in order to make the human lugg shape up compartment healthy or vice versa. Health is viewed as a holistic level of intimatelyness which is introduceed by the customized environmental factors and facilitated by the nurses to maintain it. In the same way, for Florence, nursing is a separate entity in the field of medicine and the vital role of a nurse is to keep the long-suffering in an environment where they remain healthy and where the maximum healing takes place. The nurse is resp onsible for maintaining the environment in such a manner as to maintain the health of the tolerant (Selanders, 2010, p.87)These environmental alterations are represented as the canons of Florence Nightingale environmental theory which are classified into 13 sub concepts. These canons includes ventilation and warming, health of houses, noise, light, nutrition, fundament bedding, personal cleanliness, variety ,taking victuals, petty management, chattering hopes and observation of the excrete. She believed that this is the responsibility of nurse to alter the environment in a manner that it can tending the patient to have a better recovery. She emphasized that air a person breaths should be clean, odor free and room temperature should be moderate. Houses should be clean and well-constructed. A good sunlight and calm surroundings should also be considered as they create tangible effects on body. Patient and a nurse should pull hand hygienics as a Personal cleaning. Bed should be dry, wrinkle free and placed at the lowest portion. Individual should be preferable to eat small frequent meals without any distractions. Patient should be provided hopes and all his concerns should be listened and addressed. Lastly, nurse should keenly observe patient and his environment. All these will help to provide patients with patient centered care.Clinical ScenarioThis theory can be applicable in different clinical scenarios with different context but I can best relate it to a clinical scenario related to my life experience, which stunned me during my student life. It was one of the government hospitals where I was assigned in a pediatric ward with 4 years old patient suffering from pneumonia. Next to my assigned bead was a 3years old minor boy who came with the tutelage of dehydration. Child was on intravenous fluids and antibiotics.While nurse was taking history from the mother, I realized that he belongs to a poor family and has recurrent history of cough up since aft er his birth. Child was recovering well and was advised to discharge. Few hours before his discharge, he developed small red scaly spots on the back off which within 3-4 hrs increased in size and spread to the extremities. Mother shared the concern with nurse, to which she said that these are just heat rashes which can probably be due to hot weather. In order to provide comfort to baby, mother started applying heat powder on childs whole body butbaby became energetic due to itching and burning of rashes. After few hours, the rashes appeared on whole body including chest and face due to which child was presented with respiratory distress. Mother started modify and cry due to which the nurse and doctors arrived. Nurse started to perform vital signs and she observed that babys respiration and pulse were high. Doctor diagnosed these as anaphylactic response which were a result of urticarian rashes. The child was kept on triple regimen therapy including prednisolone and was suggested for allergy test and Complete Blood Count (CBC). Laboratory diagnosing reveled that WBCs was high and baby was reported as severely allergic to splosh.After this incident, I was stressed up as a baby who was about to discharge, of a sudden developed allergy which converted to anaphylaxis. I did a root cause analysis and identified the followers possible reasons i) baby was not bathed since 3 days, ii) on that point was no bedding changed and iii) the room was full of dust heaps, eatables and wet clothes.After realizing its root cause, I changed bedding and gave bath to the child. I also taught mother the brilliance of giving regular bath, its proper techniques and also emphasized on personal hygiene.Analysis of Clinical Scenario by Applying Florence Nightingale TheoryKeeping all the views into considerations, the in a higher place case I experienced is now to be related to the theory of Florence Nightingale. In Nightingales four metaparadigm, Individual is a 3 years old baby who required proper environment. Dehydration is a disease due to which patient was admitted. Unchanged bedding, dirty area and lack of patient care are the environmental factors due to which the baby suffered from anaphylaxis and also other patient, staff and relatives were at risk. The nurse is the one who was assigned with baby, and did not pay attention on the environment. If a nurse having skills and knowledge, could have altered the babys environment, then baby would have not suffered with sever anaphylactic reaction. According to Florence Nightingale (1996) If a patient is cold, if a patient is feverish, if a patient is faint, if he is sick after taking food, if he has a bed-sore, it is generally the fault not of the disease, but of the nursing (p. 6).By taking environmental theory into account, the major canons which suits in preceding(prenominal) clinical scenario are ventilation and warming, health of houses, bed bedding, personal cleanliness and observation of the sick. Ventilation and vehemence is the most important concept without which other concepts are nothing. The area where baby was present was dirty and full of the foul smell due to the presence of food and damp cloths. The damp cloth which dries in patient room can go into the air where patient is present. The eatables which were present without cover/lid, the moisture of that evaporates in patient area and can spoil the air. The nurse and mother were so insensitive that they were unable to recognize that patient is being treated in an unhygienic environment. The more that is kn avow about your childs environmental exposures and experiences, the more accurately one can predict the risk of immune dysfunction and immune-related disease (Dietert, Rodney Janice, 2010, p.15). However, Nightingales strongly emphasized on the presence of fresh and clean air as well as avoidance of foul smell and fumigations. It is the air we breathe which purifies the blood. This technical grade air if pro vided with untidy room can be a disaster for the patient as he can develop numerous diseases. Nightingale explains the above factor in her concept HealthM3 of houses. The room in which the baby was admitted was full of dust and there was no one, including a nurse who noticed and rectified this factor. Therefore, dust heap was the source of environmental impurity and patients allergic factor. This factor was coupled with the allocation of beds in the room. The beds were so congested that there was no such corner where outer atmosphere find its way for providing clean and fresh air. The patient care was further compromised by the bedding that was available for the patient. It is well explained in the cannon bed and bedding. The nurse was aware of the fact that the bedding that is offered to patient hasnt changed since few days. The child, who was already sick and was depositing his exhaled sick breath and bodys unsafe flora into the bed, had exaggerated his sickness due to the unchang ed and old wrinkle full bedding provided to him. According to Nightingale, the large amount of moisture of exhaled air goes into bedding which contains organic matter and is noxious for health. Beita (2013) also emphasized that Its a chore, but washing all bedding weekly in hot water is a sure way to get rid of dust mitesPersonal cleaning, be one of the important canon is also nicely related to the babys health. Baby has not bathed since 3 days which made him more prone to infection and allergies. Nightingale in her theory intensely advised nurses to pay attention to patients personal hygiene. She also gave consideration to sponging methods, usage of soft water and hand washing. Last but not the least, observation of the sick is also a very essential canon to be integrated with the case. In this scenario nurse did not had a sound observation and she neglected patient care. Even, when mother of the baby made her realize that baby is having rashes, she ignored and gave falsify reason of having heat rashes. She did not observe that the environmental factors has became a cause of patient sufferings. While, according to Florence Nightingale,The most important practical lesson that can be given to nurses is to teach them what to observehow to observewhat symptoms indicate improvementwhat the reversewhich are of importancewhich are of nonewhich are the evidence of neglectand of what kind of neglect.Due to all these environmental factors the baby in this scenario ended up with anaphylactic reaction which could have been prevented if all above measures would have taken care.Let us consider the impact of local context which affect the critical incident of the case. Primarily, the age of baby (3years old), his present complaint (dehydration) and his history of recurrent cough made him susceptible to acquire infection and allergies. Children, because oftheir smaller bodies are more vulnerable to the impacts of braggart(a) indoor air (Beita, 2013).Secondly unidentified a llergies were present during his admission which badly effected babys health. Then the misperception of the nurse that the red spots are heat rashes due to warm weather, ended baby with anaphylaxis. Also, the nurses lack of knowledge regarding environmental influence and her busy schedule, compromised babys hygiene care, which leads baby to severe life threatening conditionThe impact of this scenario is not only on the individual baby, but it can also be on all the patients admitting to the particular ward/ hospital, due to unfavorable environment. It is also evident in the scenario that client belong to the poor family, which contributes to the economic burden to the family and consequently on the community.Hypothesis Derived from Theory to Test Nursing InterventionsIf Government will invest more in the infrastructure of hospitals, it will decrease the chances If nursing training is being provided up to the mark in every nursing institution, then patient recovery would be fastIf in fection control educations have been done infinitely in media, then it will decrease chances of infection allergiesIf hospitals would develop their policies and procedures, then it will reduce nosocomial and other infectionsIf signs of specific allergies/ infections have been posted in hospital as a guide for nurses, they would easily rectify the problem and patient complication would be less.SummarizationTo summarize, integrating Nightingales theory in the clinical scenario, has increased my knowledge regarding this particular theory and it helped me to view nursing as discipline. This assignment has basically given me theoretical concepts for understanding my own experienced observation, in a more meaningful way. I have never thought about this unpleased clinical scenario but through this assignment and consolidation of theory I did analysis of my observation which pointed out to specific outcomes. Also it helps me to make connections while considering options for intervention s. For this theory I now realize that though this theory was developed in early century, however its implication is still consistent with modern era and many health care professionals are consistently following it in some way or the other. I will also apply this theory whenever and wherever it would be pertinent, as it helps to prevent from many diseases and infections.ReferencesBeita,B.(2013). understructure breathable home. The Environmental Magazine. 24 (3) 28-9Dietert, Rodney R., Janice. (2010). Strategies for protecting your childs immune systemTools for parents and parents -to-be. Singapore W.S HackensackNightingale, F. (1992). Notes on Nursing what it is and what it is not. Philadelphia PA J.B.Lippincott CompanySelanders, L.C. (2010). The Power of Environmental Adaptation Florence NightingalesOriginal Theory for Nursing Practice. Journal of holistic Nursing.28 (1), 81-88.The Power of Environmental Adaptation Florence Nightingales Original Theory for Nursing Practice 2010 Lo uise C. Selanders, EdD, RN, FAANJournal of Holistic NursingAmerican Holistic Nurses AssociationVolume 28 Number 1March 2010 81-88 2010 AHNA10.1177/0898010109360257http//jhn.sagepub.comBecker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap conservations rewards. The New YorkTimes. Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.comStrunk, W., Jr., White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything and then some more stuff.New York, NY Macmillan.Gregory, G., Parry, T. (2006). conception brain-compatible learning (3rd ed.). ThousandOaks, CA Corwin.The interactions between the body and environmental factors generallyfollow very simple rules. Some exposures are useful and may playing period acritical role in promoting good health. Others are problematic and candamage the health of our children.TitleStrategies for Protecting Your Childs Immune System Tools for Parents and Parents -to-be agentDietert, Rodney R., Dietert, JaniceDate2010SourceE The Environmental MagazineDateMay 1,2013. Home breathable home by b eita belliThe general definition of environment is anythingthat, through manipulation, assists in puttingthe individual in the best possible conditionfor nature to act. Therefore, the environment hasinternal and external components . (P.8)Journal of Holistic NursingThe Power of Environmental Adaptation Florence Nightingales Original Theory for Nursing Practice 2010 Louise C. Selanders, EdD, RN, FAANJournal of Holistic NursingAmerican Holistic Nurses AssociationVolume 28 Number 1March 2010 81-88 2010 AHNA10.1177/0898010109360257http//jhn.sagepub.comM1Helen kellerM2Did not understandM3Connectivity is missing

Teaching Children with Autism Essay -- Teaching Education Disorders Sp

Teaching Children with AutismThere has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism or other autism spectrum disorders. It is likely as an educator that you will have at least one child with this diagnosis in your classroom. This paper explores some of the methods used to teach autistic children.Autism is a disorder characterized by significant problems in communication and social functioning. Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad range disabilities such as Asperger syndrome, Retts Syndrome, and Pervavasive Development Disorder (Dunlap & Fox, n.d.). There are to a fault varying degrees of the disorder from low-functioning (no communication and no social interaction) to high-functioning (some communication and inappropriate but existent social skills.)One of the most difficult things teachers will take care when dealing with Autistic children is their lack of communication skills and inappropriate or nonexistent social skills. In addition to academic instruction children with Autism require instruction in communication techniques and social skills. Kamps et.al. says A key to accommodating students with autism in public school settings is the provision of social and behavioral programming to develop meaningful intricacy with nondisabled persons (p.174).There are many techniques that are useful in pedagogics children with autism communication and social skills. One method is the Responsive Classroom, an instructional approach that integrates the teaching of academic and social skills as an aspect of everyday classroom life (Sapona & Winterman, 2002, p. 30).According to Sapona and Winterman (2002) teachers implementing this model in their classroom include six comp... ...avioral Skills to Children with Autism. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 10 (1), 1-9.Dempsey, I. & Foreman, P. ( 2001). A Review of Educational Approaches for Individuals with Autism. International Journal of Disability, Development and Educat ion, 48 (1), 105-116.Kamps, D. et.al. (2002). Peer Training to Facilitate Social Interaction for basal Students with Autism and Their Peers. Exceptional Children, 68 (2), 173-187.Marks, S. et. al. (2003). Instructional Management Tips for Teahers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Teaching Exceptional Children, 35 (4), 50-55.Dunlap, G. & Fox, L. Teaching Students with Autism. ERIC Digest, E582.Winterman, K. & Sapona, R. (2002). Everyones Included Supporting Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Responsive Classroom Learning Environment. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35 (1), 30-35.

Class Politics in the United States :: Politics Political Essays

A distinctive feature of US politics, in comparison with most other industrialized nations in the world, is its virtual(prenominal) leave out of physical body-based politics. President George W. Bush, for instance, has said that elucidate is for European democracies or something elseit isnt for the United States of America. We atomic number 18 not going to be divided by class (cited in Harrigan, 2000 6). And this seems to be the general attitude that pervades all of American society, to the extent where militating on the basis of class could even be seen as culturally abhorrent. It is a fact that in the 1990s, trade union membership accounted for only 15 percent of all wage and salary workers, down from 25 percent in 1975. This is despite 30 percent of all workers still employed in blue-collar jobs as of 1996 (McKay, 2001 226 Vanneman and Cannon, 1987 5). Between the two major political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, there are only relatively minor ideological differ ences, with the former leaning slightly more to the liberal side, while the later are more conservative, though neither articulates anything near resembling class politics. This has led to much speculation among scholars as to why this could be the case. A number of reasons have been posed, including 1. America is mainly a middle class society, with an individualistic culture high levels of social mobility and equality of opportunity, which are prized over collective action. 2. America does not have a feudalistic prehistorical, from which class cleavages can be drawn. 3. America is the richest industrialized nation in the world, and therefore has an overall higher standard of living, which minimizes any potential for class action. 4. The American working class is divided sharply along ethnic and racial lines. 5. The American two-party system makes it difficult for radical political parties to develop. However, despite this lack of class politics, the US continues to experience som e of the most exacerbated income and wealth inequalities in the industrialized world, with the gap between the rich and the poor growing over the past thirty years. In addition, the proportion of the population living in poverty, according to official figures, is at around 14-16 percent (McKay, op. cit. 27). This raises the question as to the nature of class in the United States, and as to how the US class structure (if one exists) is reflected in mainstream politics.